Feed additives commonly used for this purpose include propionic acids and other organic acids. However, even if mold growth has been prevented, mycotoxins may still be present, because mold inhibitors have no effect on mycotoxins already present in contaminated feed. Mycotoxin binders or adsorbents are substances that bind to mycotoxins and prevent them from being absorbed through the gut and into the blood circulation.
When other preventive measures against molds and mycotoxins have failed, the use of mycotoxin binders can be valuable. There also may be instances when feeds and feedstuffs cannot be checked for mycotoxins on a regular basis.
Mycotoxin binders are routinely added in such cases as safety measures and as some form of assurance to customers. A variety of substances have the ability to bind mycotoxins. The most commonly used and most researched mycotoxin-binding agents are the aluminosilicates — clays and zeolites. These are natural adsorbents that include hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates HSCAS , bentonite, and zeolite Table 2. However, they have limited or no activity against other types of mycotoxins.
Other substances with toxin-binding capability include cell-wall components of yeasts. However, research in pigs documenting their efficacy in mitigating the effects of mycotoxins is limited and has shown inconsistent results. In general, the following must be considered when choosing either mold-inhibitor or adsorbent products: efficacy in adsorbing the mycotoxin or inhibiting the mold of interest, and safety to the animal, the handler, and to pork consumers; high stability and ablility to withstand varying conditions during feed mixing; and cost effectiveness.
Caution also must be exercised when using clay, because its high adsorptive capacity can limit the bioavailability of minerals.
This is most important when diets contain marginal levels of trace minerals. The risk of dioxin contamination associated with the use of natural clays needs to be considered. Dioxins are mainly by-products of industrial processes. Contamination of clay sources can be due to improper disposal or accidental leakage of these by-products into the environment. An antioxidant is a product added to animal feeds to prevent oxidation of fat or vitamins.
Combinations of these antioxidants are normally found in commercially available products to take advantage of the different properties of each antioxidant. For instance, an antioxidant-product combination may contain propyl gallate to provide a high level of initial protection and BHA for longer effect. These antioxidants also have an inhibitory effect on mold growth in grains under laboratory settings 12,13 and may have some use as mold inhibitors in pig diets in the future.
The use of mold inhibitors and mycotoxin binders in swine diets may be advisable in geographic areas that are highly conducive to mold growth in grains and where mycotoxin contamination is more likely. Mycotoxin binders should be used when it is suspected that feed ingredients are contaminated with mycotoxins at levels deemed unsafe for pigs Table 1.
Antioxidants are highly applicable in areas where the climate is warm and when high levels of fat are added to the diet. Antioxidants are widely used in areas where by-products high in unsaturated fat eg, fish meal are commonly used. Endotoxins can be bound by certain clays due to their chemical structure and polarity that allows them to be accommodated in the layers of the bentonite. As for every good binder, the efficacy should be evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Schatzmayr, G.
Microbiologicals for deactivating mycotoxins. Food Res. Binder, E. Sabino, M. Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Perspective at the Turn of the Millennium , A dry late September and early October has reduced the overall risk for some regions, yet overall risk remains high. This is a review of the occurrence of major mycotoxins between January and September In total, 76, analyses were conducted on 16, finished feed and raw commodity samples originating from 74 countries.
Heavy precipitation, such as that faced by parts of Europe in , can mean a higher risk of contaminants in corn maize , wheat and other grains. Care of the Orphan Foal. Developing the Growth of the Young Horse Safely. Effects of Sun on Equine Skin. Electrolytes — Why, When, What, How. Emu Oil. Energy — What, Where, How. Equine Allergies. Equine Tendon Injuries. Feeding Fat — Oils and the Omega Balance. Herpes in Horses. Horses do get HOT!!
Improving Bone Density. Laminitis from Dietary Intake. Mud Fever — Symptoms and Solutions. Nutrition for Brood Mares. Pre-purchase — The Vet Examination. Preparation for Birth- Who gives the signal. Protein- What, Why, How. Selenium — What, Why, How. Sixty Signs of a Healthy and Happy Horse. Skin Diseases. The Challenges for Overweight. The Equine Hock Joint. The Equine Suspensory Ligament. The Older Horse. However, the occurrence and negative impact of various other mycotoxins and the reality of co-contamination strengthen the consideration that a product should bind a wide number of mycotoxins.
Moreover, the conditions of the action site of the product are important to consider. For example, pH values vary greatly along the digestive tract of animals, from acidic conditions pH 3 or 4 to more basics ones pH 6 or 7. Binding capacities of products may be influenced by pH changes, leading to the risk that the toxins are adsorbed at one part but released at another part of the digestive tract.
Some products have also demonstrated the capacity to bind more than toxins produced by fungi, which may help the animal to fight against various stress occurred in their environment. Bacterial toxins, which can be involved in various diseases such as colibacillosis, necrotic enteritis in poultry or neonatal diarrhoea in piglets, may also be bound by some products. This is interesting in a context of bacterial resistance because the targets are the metabolites of the bacteria and not the bacteria themselves.
It is also recommended to test these compounds endo and exotoxins , in order to provide maximum protection to animals. As far as possible, in vitro studies should verify the adsorption capacity of a product on several types of microbial toxins, in different pH conditions. Considering mycotoxins and bacterial toxins, product 1 showed the highest toxin adsorption capacity and the widest spectrum of activity.
One objection to the use of toxin binders is their potential side effects on feed components. It is true that some materials have been reported to be relatively unspecific adsorbents which may adsorb essential nutrients.
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